NEW TRIBE RISING

"Just a Test"

11/30/2022

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Aiming a gun scope at an Indian Chief's head, in every home in America sent messages of nightly fear among U.S. citizens for 40 years in the 20th Century. This was a message about the "savage" Indian that enforced the massacre mentality among Whites. See and hear the actual recording of the test by clicking here.

Indian Head Test Pattern
Some believe this artist is unknown, however:

Designed in 1938 by Radio Corporation of American (RCA) artist named Brooks (no other name found).
Broadcasted 1930s - 1970s to millions of Americans' televisions at night after all the shows ran.
Ran for ~40 years during the events that were affecting our Indigenous peoples:
- 1930s - 1950s - Indian Reorganization Act - part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 'New Deal' policies designed to respond and focus on relief, recovery and reform for Native Americans. But it was not always a Good Deal.
- 1950s - 1960s - Indian Termination Era - U.S. policy designed to assimilate Native Americans by terminating our status as Indians, disband our tribes, relocate us and sell our land.
- 1953 - Urban Indian Relocation Program - trickery to relocate Indians from their homelands to cities. The book There There by Tommy Orange is a result and impact of this U.S. initiative.
- 1960s - Self Determination Era - Influenced by the American Indian Movement that breathed in a new era.

Just a Test

Meant to instill fear among American citizens.
Fed into the idea of “savage Indians” on a “warpath.”

A Target

The test-pattern was a "target plate" that involved focused beams of electrons, which were originally called cathode rays.
As the beam struck the image, the result gave information about image color.

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Work Cited
Wikipedia (Indian Head test pattern designer; target plate)

"Massasoit"

11/30/2022

A Poem

Massasoit the Wampanoag
By Scott Ruescher

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Work Cited
Massasoit the Wampanoag Author(s): Scott Ruescher Source: New England Review and Bread Loaf Quarterly , Winter, 1987, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Winter, 1987), p. 228 Published by: Middlebury College Publications Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241922

"Land-Deal Meal"

11/30/2022

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

1616 - European traders brought yellow fever to Wampanoag territory.
- ~45,000 (two-thirds) of the entire Wampanoag Nation died from the epidemic.
1620 - Mayflower (101 pilgrims) arrived on Turtle Island in November in what’s now known as Provincetown, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (six months before the Peace Treaty with the Wampanoags).
1621 - Peace Treaty Signed (peace, land etc.) a "treaty of mutual convenience.”
- Pilgrims needed the Wampanoags to survive their early years.
- Signed on April's Fools Day (April 1, 1621).
- First Wampanoag-Pilgrim Treaty signed by Massasoit, the leader of the Wampanoag Nation, and the leaders of Plymouth Colony.
- Imagine the amount of dead bodies and dying staving people. Do you really think they celebrated a Thanksgiving with struggling strangers?
2011- U.S. mint coin features hands of the Supreme Sachem Ousamequin Massasoit and Governor John Carver, symbolically offering the ceremonial peace pipe after the initiation of the first formal written peace alliance between the Wampanoag tribe and the European settlers (Coin designed by Glenna Goodacre).

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Work Cited
https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/native-american-dollar-coins/2011-wampanoag-nation-alliance-with-plymouth-bay
https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-history-first-wampanoag-pilgrim-treaty-signed-on-april-fools

"Metacomet"

11/30/2022

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Metacomet was the son of Wampanoag Indian Chief Massasoit.
When his father died, Metacomet became Chief of the Wampanoags.
Metacomet was renamed “King Philip," by choice, through the Plymouth Court.
1676 was King Philip's War with the colonists.
Wampanoag Indian John Alderman (who used to be Metacomet's counselor) murdered Metacomet.
John Alderman served under Capt. Benjaman Church who led the first American Rangers.
Metacomet’s head was sold to Plymouth Colony for thirty shillings.

1772 Political Cartoon 0f Metacomet by Paul Revere

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Work Cited
Paul Revere's "Philip, King of Mount Hope", from Thomas Church's "The Entertaining History of King Philip's War": A Conservator's Analysis Author(s): THERESA FAIRBANKS HARRIS Source: Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin , 2013, Teaching with Art (2013), pp. 120- 125 Published by: Yale University, acting through the Yale University Art Gallery Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23612148

"Forced to Sign a Peace Treaty"

11/30/2022

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Treaty Facts

Being "forced" to sign a "Peace" treaty is an oxymoron. If they truly agreed upon "peace," Metacomet/King Philip and the colonists would have signed the treaty "freely" not by force.
Treaties are agreements between Nations. Therefore, Indigenous Peoples in this country are actually members of separate Nations within the United States.
Nation-to-Nation status and treaties are not "race" issues, but a government issues.
Nation-to-Nation status gives Indigenous Peoples "dual citizenship": as Americans and Indigenous to their membered Indigenous Nation.

Treaty with the Delaware Tribe, September 17,1778 (7 Stat.13). This is considered the first Indian treaty written in formal diplomatic and legal language:

Article 6: … And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties [the United States and the Delaware Nation] should it for the future be found conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress. (Wilkins & Stark 61)

“Native peoples, unlike any other groups in the United States, are sovereign nations, not minority groups. A sovereign nation is a distinct political entity that exercises a measure of jurisdictional power over a specific territory” (Wilkins & Stark 59)

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“European nations and the United States did not enter into treaties with tribes because of their racial differences but because they were separate sovereigns–oftentimes with impressive military and economic clout– with whom the United States wanted and needed to establish diplomatic ties.” (Wilkins & Stark 59)

Work Cited
Wilkins, David and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark. American Indian Politics and the American Political System. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. pp. 59, 61.

"King Philip's War"

11/30/2022

New England’s Second Colonial Armed Conflict: King Philip’s War Remembered

Political Cartoon. (Source: National Institute of Health)

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By Julianne Jennings (2018)
Indian Country News

(During), New England’s second colonial armed conflict ... on August 12, 1676, Philip fled to the "miry swamp" where he was assassinated by one of Captain Benjamin Church’s Indian Rangers, John Alderman. Upon inspection of Philip’s body, Church is quoted as saying “a doleful, great, naked, dirty beast.” Philip was then butchered in a manner standard with English punishment for treason by drawing and quartering.

He was left unburied and beheaded. His head was sent to Plymouth where it was posted for twenty years and a special “Thanksgiving” was celebrated. Some claim that his hand was nailed up in Boston Common for many years.

Bourne adds that in King Philip’s War, Samuel Morely, a keen Indian fighter, managed to capture 54 Narragansett prisoners (near Wickford, Rhode Island) who he sold into slavery. It was now understood that slavery was the one of the factors for continuing the war and the reality of slavery becoming a major industry of the war.

Work Cited
https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/new-englands-second-colonial-armed-conflict-king-philips-war-remembered
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/217.html

"Benjamin Church" and "John Alderman"

11/30/2022

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Benjamin Church (1676)

Very first Captain of the American Rangers
99 years before U.S. Army founded in 1775
10 years before United States Declared its Independence; becoming official in 1776.

Wikipedia

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Johnathan (John) Alderman (1676)

Wampanoag Indian and close associate and counselor to Metacomet who was also named King Philip.
Brother was abruptly murdered by Metacomet/King Philip.
In revenge, John Alderman changed sides from his Wampanoag Tribe and serve the Rangers to work for Benjamin Church.
Murdered his own Wampanoag tribal leader Metacomet/King Philip.
John Alderman was a traitor to his own Indian people.

An English captain scouts for Wampanoag with two native allies c.1676 - Source Warefare Historican

Further Reading:
"Restoring Balance – Reconstructing Indigenous Strategies in King Philip’s War" by William G. Merritt is his thesis paper from his Undergraduate Honors Program at Bridgewater State University (2021)
https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1485&context=honors_proj.

Work Cited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)
https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/new-englands-second-colonial-armed-conflict-king-philips-war-remembered
http://warfarehistorian.blogspot.com/2015/01/new-england-ablaze-king-philips-war.html

"Thirty Shillings"

11/30/2022

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Sometimes it wasn't even real money!

Thirty shillings is equal to .83 cents in today's U.S. dollars. Human Indian Heads were of little value to Whites.

Colonists illegally minted counterfeit coins (shillings). Fake coins minted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony could pay for human Indian Heads. This 1652 silver shilling (left) sold at auction in 2021 for $351,912.

Examples of shillings from the Smithsonian collection and magazine.

Courtesy of Morton and Eden

Thirty Shillings note from 1776.

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Work Cited
https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1591169
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/early-colonial-boston-coin-sells-for-350000-180979137/

"Thanksgiving"

11/30/2022

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Orange highlights the Pequot War with the Puritans as a significant example of thanksgiving-type meals by Whites, that took place after successful massacres of Indian Peoples. Some consider the first Thanksgiving derived from the massacre of the Pequot people in 1637 (who were celebrating their private, Tribal Green Corn Dance), was a true day of thanksgiving for the Massachusetts Bay and the Plymouth colonies. However, many believe it is inaccurate to refer to these "massacres with meals" as the same as the modern Thanksgiving. The Pequot died practicing their religious freedom during their Green Corn Dance, which became the War of 1637.

The Pequot War Established a Thanksgiving Meal only for the Whites

1637 Pequot Indians

The Mashantucket Pequots are a native Algonquin people who endured centuries of conflict, survival, and continuity on and around North America’s oldest Indian reservation (Est. 1666) located in southeastern Connecticut. In 1637, the Pequots became the first native people to survive a genocidal massacre at the hands of European immigrants, in what would become the continental United States.

"The Pequots became the first native people to survive a genocidal massacre at the hands of European immigrants," - Mashantucket (Western) Pequot Tribal Nation

Source: The William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1964), p. 256.

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2022 Pequot Indians

Rodney Butler, left, Chairman of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, participates in the Feast of the Green Corn dance as hosts Schemitzun Feast of the Green Corn and Dance on Saturday, August 28, 2021 at the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Reservation in Mashantucket, Conn. Tim Martin, Special to The Sun

Pequot history is an unprecedented story of redemption and restoration, which is featured at the Tribe’s world-class Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center.

Today, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation owns and operates one of the largest and most successful resort casinos in North America and a variety of other enterprises.

All together, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation remains one of the State of Connecticut’s highest tax payers and largest employers, and has contributed more than $3 billion to Connecticut through the first-of-its-kind tribal gaming revenue-sharing agreement, enacted in 1993.

Likewise, the Tribe provides generous assistance to nonprofit organizations that support its local communities. For more information, contact us at [email protected].

Work Cited
https://www.mptn-nsn.gov/default.aspx
Alden T. Vaughan The William and Mary Quarterly , Apr., 1964, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1964), pp. 256-269
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920388
https://www.thewesterlysun.com/news (Photo)

"Successful Massacres"

11/29/2022

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

Successful massacres of American Indians happened frequently in this country and away from the average American eye. Below is a massacre of American Indians directed by President Abraham Lincoln just a year before he issued the 1963 Emancipation Proclamation that declared slaves forever free within the Confederacy. White he was freeing Blacks he was killing Indians.

The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38

By Vincent Schilling
Indian Country Today

In the spring of 2005, Jim Miller, a Native spiritual leader and Vietnam veteran, found himself in a dream riding on horseback across the great plains of South Dakota. Just before he awoke, he arrived at a riverbank in Minnesota and saw 38 of his Dakota ancestors hanged. At the time, Jim knew nothing of the largest mass execution in United States history, ordered by Abraham Lincoln on December 26, 1862. "When you have dreams, you know when they come from the creator... As any recovered alcoholic, I made believe that I didn't get it. I tried to put it out of my mind, yet it's one of those dreams that bothers you night and day."

Now, four years later, embracing the message of the dream, Jim and a group of riders retrace the 330-mile route of his dream on horseback from Lower Brule, South Dakota to Mankato, Minnesota to arrive at the hanging site on the anniversary of the execution. "We can't blame the wasichus anymore. We're doing it to ourselves. We're selling drugs. We're killing our own people. That's what this ride is about, is healing." This is the story of their journey- the blizzards they endure, the Native and Non-Native communities that house and feed them along the way, and the dark history they are beginning to wipe away.

Full Movie

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Work Cited
Vincent Schilling https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/traumatic-true-history-full-list-dakota-38
The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38 (2020)

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Special Thanks

Best Friend Forever Angie Ford

Advisor, American Indian Literature
Dr. Zachary Laminack, Ph.D.
UNCP, Assistant Professor of English
Dept. of English, Theatre, and World Languages

Advisor, American Indian Studies
Dr. Jane Melinda Haladay, Ph.D.
UNCP, Professor Dept. of American Indian Studies

Dept. Chair, American Indian Studies
Dr. Mary Ann Jacobs, (Lumbee), Ph.D.
UNCP, Dept. Chair and Professor, American Indian Studies

Produced by
University of North Carolina at Pembroke Students as an American Indian Studies Student Project by Best Friends Rene' Locklear White (Lumbee) and Angie Ford

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Read about the Allusions and Truths ...

"Just a Test"

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

"Massasoit"

A Poem

"Land-Deal Meal"

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

"Metacomet"

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

1772 Political Cartoon 0f Metacomet by Paul Revere

"Forced to Sign a Peace Treaty"

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

"King Philip's War"

New England’s Second Colonial Armed Conflict: King Philip’s War Remembered

"Benjamin Church" and "John Alderman"

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

"Thirty Shillings"

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

"Thanksgiving"

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

The Pequot War Established a Thanksgiving Meal only for the Whites

1637 Pequot Indians

2022 Pequot Indians

"Successful Massacres"

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38

Discussions, Journals, Articles and Reports

Categories

Read about the Allusions and Truths ...

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

A Poem

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

... Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

1772 Political Cartoon 0f Metacomet by Paul Revere

​

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

​New England’s Second Colonial Armed Conflict: King Philip’s War Remembered

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

The Pequot War Established a Thanksgiving Meal only for the Whites

1637 ​​​Pequot Indians

2022 ​​Pequot Indians

.. Analyzing Tommy Orange's There There

​The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38

Discussions, Journals, Articles and Reports

Categories

New England’s Second Colonial Armed Conflict: King Philip’s War Remembered

1637 Pequot Indians

2022 Pequot Indians

The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38